Publication: การศึกษาวิเคราะห์แนวความคิดเรื่อง ประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท
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2017
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วารสารสันติศึกษาปริทรรศน์ มจร
The Journal of MCU Peace Studies
The Journal of MCU Peace Studies
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5
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3
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305
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316
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การศึกษาวิเคราะห์แนวความคิดเรื่อง ประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท
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An Analytical study of the concept of perception in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy
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บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์แนวคิดและทฤษฎีประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการวิจัยเชิงเอกสาร ผลการวิจัย พบว่า แนวคิดและทฤษฎีแนวคิดเรื่องประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการประจักษประมาณทางอายตนะภายนอกและภายในที่มากระทบกับวัตถุ 3 ประการ ก็คือ อารมณ์ อายตนะภายใน และจิตเป็นเครื่องมือของการรับรู้ ซึ่งเป็นความรู้บริสุทธิ์ (วิสุทธิวิชชา) ปราศจากความจริงที่ปรากฏขึ้น (อวิชชาหรือสัจจวีตวิชชา) จากความจริงทางสมมติกับความจริงทางปรมัตถ์ ในการตัดสินความจริงของมนุษย์ โดยอาศัยความคิด (โยนิโสมนสิการ) เป็นเครื่องมือพิสูจน์ความจริงตามหลักอริยสัจ 4 เพื่อก้าวสู่ปัญญาอันล้ําเลิศ (อภิญญา) ที่จิตรับรู้อารมณ์ 3 ประการ คือ สุตมยปัญญา จินตามยปัญญา และภาวนามยปัญญา จากการศึกษาวิเคราะห์แนวความคิดเรื่องประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท พบว่า แนวคิดและทฤษฎีประจักษประมาณในพุทธปรัชญาเถรวาท ปรัชญาจอห์น ล็อคกับนยายะ ซึ่งเป็นบ่อเกิดความรู้ทางประจักษ์ประมาณระหว่างอายตนะภายในกับอายตนะภายนอก ที่ทําให้เกิดความรู้ 3 กลุ่ม คือ กลุ่มเหตุผลนิยม กลุ่มประสบการณ์นิยม และกลุ่มอัชฌัตติกญาณนิยม จากทฤษฎีประจักษประมาณ 3 ประการ คือ 1) ความรู้เกิดจากการฟัง (สุตมยปัญญา) 2) ความรู้เกิดจากการคิดวิเคราะห์ (จินตามยปัญญา) และ 3) ความรู้แท้จริงที่เกิดจากจิตที่บริสุทธิ์ (ภาวนามยปัญญา) ที่ต้องอาศัย ประสาทสัมผัสภายนอกและประสาทสัมผัสภายใน โดยปราศจากข้อขัดแย้ง 3 ประการ ก็คือ 1) ความถูกต้อง 2) ปฏิบัติตามได้จริง และ 3) เมื่อปฏิบัติตามแล้วต้องเกิดผลได้จริง
This research found that the concept of perception in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy, which is a perception that one employs in approaching one’s externality and internality that came into contact that is categorized in three main areas, namely external objects, internal organs, and the mind or consciousness
these three are the areas in which perception is based upon. These are the tools of cognition and comprehension. Through pure perception, things as they are can be realized. This process is known as insight meditation. Knowledge derived from insight contemplation is considered ‘pure’ knowledge, occurring without the taint of external reality, from the supposed truth and true truth by the comprehension and judging of the human mind by the use of thought to approach and proof the truth. The 4 Noble Truths under the Buddhist philosophy of perception is thought to train the mind to excellency where the mind comprehend levels of wisdom
Knowledge derived from Scriptural Study (Sutamaya Panna), knowledge derived from Thinking (Cintamaya Panna), and Knowledge derived from Mental Development (Bhawanamaya Panna), to train oneself in the area of morality, concentration, and wisdom and to train in the Eightfold Noble truth which is revered to be the true truth without taint in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy belief system. According to John Locke, the true knowledge lies in two forms
(1) sensory experience and (2) mental experience, of which is the process of perception approaching externality and relationship between the primary and secondary experiences. These sources are believed as the source of knowledge for the mind. Under this understanding, the learning objects are (1) objects that can be seen by the eyes (objects of sight), (2) sounds that the ear can hear (objects of hearing), (3) scent that the nose can sense (object of scent), (4) taste that the tongue can taste (object of taste), (5) objects of touch
whether hot, cold, hard, soft. In the Nyaya philosophy, perception is categorized in two kinds
(1) the complete knowledge gained from 4 sources
perception, inference, comparison, and testemony, and (2) incomplete knowledge which are memories, doubt, misconception, and argument. These 2 types of knowledge depend on sensory recognition and conception by the perceptual functions (eyes, ears, noses, tongue, body, and mind) to contact with external objects
visible objects, sounds, smell, taste, touch, and mental objects. There are 4 types of knowledge: (1) knowledge borne by the contact of external stimuli and individual’s perception, (2) knowledge by inference using existing knowledge or what the western idea called as Syllogism, (3) knowledge from induction borne by comparison and differentiation and matching, (4) knowledge gained by literal word of others. From the analytical study of concept of perception in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy, it is found that the belief system of perception in all the three schools of thought namely, Theravada Buddhist Philosophy and that of John Locke’s toward ‘Nyaya’ or the source of perceptual knowledge is categorized into three groups which are rationalism, experientialism, and what is called intuition. From the concept of perception theory, borne the 3 types of perception
(1) knowledge from hearing, (2) inductive knowledge, (3) knowledge of truth borne of pure mindfulness that requires both external perception and internal perception without 3 contradictories which are (1) righteousness, (2) practical, (3) yield result. Referring to 3 theories of truth which are (1) Correspondence Theory, (2) Coherence Theory, (3) Pragmatism. These point out that the two truths
the conventional truth and ultimate truth, which being bound and governed by the law of nature (uncertainty, sorrow, unreal) are caused by its cause and the trained mind which contemplates its true nature that eventually the knowledge is ushered into existence.
This research found that the concept of perception in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy, which is a perception that one employs in approaching one’s externality and internality that came into contact that is categorized in three main areas, namely external objects, internal organs, and the mind or consciousness
these three are the areas in which perception is based upon. These are the tools of cognition and comprehension. Through pure perception, things as they are can be realized. This process is known as insight meditation. Knowledge derived from insight contemplation is considered ‘pure’ knowledge, occurring without the taint of external reality, from the supposed truth and true truth by the comprehension and judging of the human mind by the use of thought to approach and proof the truth. The 4 Noble Truths under the Buddhist philosophy of perception is thought to train the mind to excellency where the mind comprehend levels of wisdom
Knowledge derived from Scriptural Study (Sutamaya Panna), knowledge derived from Thinking (Cintamaya Panna), and Knowledge derived from Mental Development (Bhawanamaya Panna), to train oneself in the area of morality, concentration, and wisdom and to train in the Eightfold Noble truth which is revered to be the true truth without taint in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy belief system. According to John Locke, the true knowledge lies in two forms
(1) sensory experience and (2) mental experience, of which is the process of perception approaching externality and relationship between the primary and secondary experiences. These sources are believed as the source of knowledge for the mind. Under this understanding, the learning objects are (1) objects that can be seen by the eyes (objects of sight), (2) sounds that the ear can hear (objects of hearing), (3) scent that the nose can sense (object of scent), (4) taste that the tongue can taste (object of taste), (5) objects of touch
whether hot, cold, hard, soft. In the Nyaya philosophy, perception is categorized in two kinds
(1) the complete knowledge gained from 4 sources
perception, inference, comparison, and testemony, and (2) incomplete knowledge which are memories, doubt, misconception, and argument. These 2 types of knowledge depend on sensory recognition and conception by the perceptual functions (eyes, ears, noses, tongue, body, and mind) to contact with external objects
visible objects, sounds, smell, taste, touch, and mental objects. There are 4 types of knowledge: (1) knowledge borne by the contact of external stimuli and individual’s perception, (2) knowledge by inference using existing knowledge or what the western idea called as Syllogism, (3) knowledge from induction borne by comparison and differentiation and matching, (4) knowledge gained by literal word of others. From the analytical study of concept of perception in Theravada Buddhist Philosophy, it is found that the belief system of perception in all the three schools of thought namely, Theravada Buddhist Philosophy and that of John Locke’s toward ‘Nyaya’ or the source of perceptual knowledge is categorized into three groups which are rationalism, experientialism, and what is called intuition. From the concept of perception theory, borne the 3 types of perception
(1) knowledge from hearing, (2) inductive knowledge, (3) knowledge of truth borne of pure mindfulness that requires both external perception and internal perception without 3 contradictories which are (1) righteousness, (2) practical, (3) yield result. Referring to 3 theories of truth which are (1) Correspondence Theory, (2) Coherence Theory, (3) Pragmatism. These point out that the two truths
the conventional truth and ultimate truth, which being bound and governed by the law of nature (uncertainty, sorrow, unreal) are caused by its cause and the trained mind which contemplates its true nature that eventually the knowledge is ushered into existence.