Publication: “木”“树”的历时替代及其原因
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2022
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中国语言文化学刊
Journal of Chinese Language and Culture, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
วารสารวิชาการภาษาและวัฒนธรรมจีน มหาวิทยาลัยหัวเฉียวเฉลิมพระเกียรติ
Journal of Chinese Language and Culture, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
วารสารวิชาการภาษาและวัฒนธรรมจีน มหาวิทยาลัยหัวเฉียวเฉลิมพระเกียรติ
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9
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1
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279
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290
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“木”“树”的历时替代及其原因
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THE DIACHRONIC SUBSTITUTION AND CAUSES OF "SHU" AND “MU"
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Abstract
本文在前人工作的基础上，从语言意义系统发展调整的角度，较为细致地考察 “木” “树” 这组历时替代词的意义源流。在对 “木” 与“树”的词义系统进行梳理，对于所涉意义发展演变，均进行引申途径与原因的探索的基础上描述其相互替代的历时进程及其替代可能的原因.本文认为替代的趋势当首先出现在 “树” 与 “木” 联合的结构中，以“树”的名词义的产生为前提，其中动词义的“树木”与名词义的“树木” ， 一个是动宾结构，- 个是联合结构，语义表达根本不同，但二者在语言中并存了一段时间。“树” 的名词义产生后，在功能上继续扩展，最重要的就是“X树”格式的出现。待到名词义的“树”接替了“木”的作用，越来越多的“x树”说法便应运而生，本文同意“树” 最迟在两汉之交时已经在口语上取代了“木”，而于魏晋南北朝时期在书面语中基本上取代“木”的观点。究其更替的原因主要是词汇语义系统的调整及以语体形式分工双重作用的结果。其中词汇语义系统的调整是“木”主要承担与“木本”有关的一系列意义，“树” 则主要承担树木的称谓意义，作为树木的通称，构成各类树木的专名。而语体形式的分工则是“木”主要作为词素发挥作用，具有很强的能产性，构成大量书面语意味的合成词：“树” 作为通称，保持单音节形式，具有很高的口语使用频率；作为专名的“X树”双音说法，具有很强的语体通用性。
This paper investigated the meaning origin of the diachronic substitution words "MU" and "SHU" in detail from the perspective of the development and adjustment of linguistic system based on the previous studies. On the basis of combing the semantic system of "MU" and "SHU" as well as exploring the extended ways and reasons for the development and evolution of the meaning involved. This paper described the diachronic process of their mutual substitution and the possible reasons for their substitution. It is believed that the trend of substitution should first appear in the cooperated structure of "SHU" and "MU", which is premised on the emergence of the noun meaning of "SHU". Verb meaning "SHU MU" and noun meaning "SHU MU", one is verb object structure and the other is combined structure； The semantic expression is totally different, but they have coexisted in language for a period of time. After the emergence of the noun meaning of "SHU", it continues to expand in function. The most important thing is the emergence of "X+SHU" format. When the noun meaning of "SHU" takes over the role of "MU", more and more " X+SHU " are generated. This paper agrees that "SHU" has replaced "MU" in spoken language at the latest between Xi Han and Dong Han Dynasty, and basically replaced "MU" in written language in the Wei, Jin and the Nan Bei dynasties. The reason for its replacement is the result of the adjustment of lexical semantic system and the separate responsibilities in the various language forms of style. The adjustment of lexical semantic system is that "MU" mainly takes a series of meanings related to "MU BEN", while "SHU" mainly takes the original meaning of trees. As a general name of trees, it was classified all the kinds of trees into the different proper names. The separate responsibilities of language form is that "MU" mainly plays a role as a morpheme, which has strong productivity as well as forms a large number of compound words with written language; As a general term, "SHU" maintains a monosyllabic form and has a high frequency of oral use; As a disyllable proper name, "X+SHU" has a strong stylistic standard.
This paper investigated the meaning origin of the diachronic substitution words "MU" and "SHU" in detail from the perspective of the development and adjustment of linguistic system based on the previous studies. On the basis of combing the semantic system of "MU" and "SHU" as well as exploring the extended ways and reasons for the development and evolution of the meaning involved. This paper described the diachronic process of their mutual substitution and the possible reasons for their substitution. It is believed that the trend of substitution should first appear in the cooperated structure of "SHU" and "MU", which is premised on the emergence of the noun meaning of "SHU". Verb meaning "SHU MU" and noun meaning "SHU MU", one is verb object structure and the other is combined structure； The semantic expression is totally different, but they have coexisted in language for a period of time. After the emergence of the noun meaning of "SHU", it continues to expand in function. The most important thing is the emergence of "X+SHU" format. When the noun meaning of "SHU" takes over the role of "MU", more and more " X+SHU " are generated. This paper agrees that "SHU" has replaced "MU" in spoken language at the latest between Xi Han and Dong Han Dynasty, and basically replaced "MU" in written language in the Wei, Jin and the Nan Bei dynasties. The reason for its replacement is the result of the adjustment of lexical semantic system and the separate responsibilities in the various language forms of style. The adjustment of lexical semantic system is that "MU" mainly takes a series of meanings related to "MU BEN", while "SHU" mainly takes the original meaning of trees. As a general name of trees, it was classified all the kinds of trees into the different proper names. The separate responsibilities of language form is that "MU" mainly plays a role as a morpheme, which has strong productivity as well as forms a large number of compound words with written language; As a general term, "SHU" maintains a monosyllabic form and has a high frequency of oral use; As a disyllable proper name, "X+SHU" has a strong stylistic standard.