tend to place a very heavy emphasis on literal meanings of source messages and faithful reproductions of source meanings through new linguistic systems (e.g. altering syntactic structures, changing lexical forms, substituting synonyms), which may

eleventh graders who answered a questionnaire and 8 EFL teachers who took part in semi-structured interviews. Then the collected quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (i.e. frequencies/ percentages) and content... rates and challenging vocabulary), semantic and syntactic problems (i.e. long utterances), and discoursal problems (i.e. implied meanings, unfamiliar topics, and organization of ideas). The results are discussed in relation to the Vietnamese EFL context

and an experimental (collaborative prewriting) group. The utilized prewriting task was structured, focusing on ideas generation, selection, and organization, and the main task was problem-solution paragraph writing. Independent-sample t-tests revealed that accuracy... was comparable across groups; however, the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on text length, some lexical and syntactic complexity measures, and all rating scores, and the effect size concerning text length was large. Overall