This article aims to study the roles of the Sangleyes, overseas Chinese who travelled to commerce and reside in the Spanish colonial Philippine during the 16th and 17th centuries. This study also focuses on the adaptive capacity of Spanish colonial... consequence of transnational encounters between the Spanish authorities and the Sangleyes such as limitation of living space, creation of special official positions and formulation of colonial fiscal policy.

their privileged status. Culturally, the Philippines was simultaneously dominated by Spanish and American colonialism. The objective of this study is also to analyze the parallel colonialism in the Philippines during the period of American colonization; and study... the continuance of Spanish colonialism via the political dynamism of Filipino elites who embraced the old modus operandi of Hispanity. This paper also discusses the reasons why the Filipino nationalists opted for maintaining their Hispanic identity instead