of spoken register. This study contributes to the perspectives of pragmatic aspects, semantic interpretations and vicinity of syntactic structures of existential there constructions. The data collection of this study was derived from seven English novels... tokens, respectively. The framework of pragmatic aspects, semantic interpretations and syntactic structures follows Ward and Biner (1995), Jiang & Hyland (2020) and Radford (2009), respectively. The pragmatic aspects of existential there constructions

in literaturesareclassifiedintodifferent linguistic perspectives. Morphologically, the low frequency of gerundsis explained by lexicalization(Yule, 2006). The use of gerundsin literatureare found with four types of syntactic structures, which are the subject, complements of the verb...This study examined the use of gerunds, such as chopping again as when I began chopping again, my axe slipped and cut off my right leg in English literatures through morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis. While previous studies

This study examined the syntactic structures of raised and unraised conditions, semantic interpretationsand pragmaticaspects of theverb seemin English novels(i.e.,Yes, Robert, I shall be ready: it seems to me that I ought to go). The previous... and unraised conditions of the verb seem. In regard to the data analysis,the syntactic frameworkof raised and unraised conditions of the verb seemfollows Radford (2009) where the theoretical analysis of the verb seemis classified intotwo camps:expletive itand