assimilations are progressive, while suprasegmental assimilations or tone sandhi are regressive. Two types of tone sandhi are observed as follows: assimilative tone sandhi and positional variant tone sandhi. Assimilative tone sandhi is regressive. In two...-syllable compounding, the 49 possible or potential combinations of citation tones are reduced to 40 combinations of sandhi tones. The missing nine combinations result from tonal neutralization. In three-syllable compounding, there are cases in which

, acoustic phonetics, and phonological analyses. The investigation focuses on syllable structures, onsets, vowels, rimes, and especially the tone system. Furthermore, the phenomenon of tone sandhi is analyzed. A comparison between Hakka tones as spoken... single vowels / i, e, ɨ, a, o, u / and 66 rimes. The syllable structures include three types on open syllables and six types on closed syllables. Tone sandhi, that is, the phenomenon of conditioned change in tone contours in certain tonal environments

equation to analyze tones (Andruski & Costello, 2004). In addition, the findings reflected gender variation of S. Pa-O tones and tendency of tone sandhi in progress in N. Pa-O....This research aims to study citation tones and tonal coarticulation in Northern Pa-O (N. Pa-O) and Southern Pa-O (S. Pa-O) continuous speech. The data was collected from 20 speakers (10 speakers from each dialect). The test words for citation tones